Production of cereals is the most part of Russian agriculture policy. The Russian Federation had the third place in the world in export of grains in 2010. One of dangerous pests of cereals is complex of cereals cyst nematodes (CCN) of family Heteroderidae (Tylenchida). There are Heterodera avenae, H. filipjevi, H. latipons, H. hordecalis etc. This complex is major problem in crop rotations where cereals have part more than 50 %. Basic investigations of distribution and injuriousness of CCN in Russia were in 60–90th of last century. Since then and to present day, studies of CCN were carried out only occasionally but during this period there have been great changes in Russian politics of agriculture. Part of cereals in all crop rotations was increased from 45–50 to 60–70 %. Our task was study of present range of CCN in Volga and Ural regions where about 60 % of all cereals are growing. During 2009–2010, some fields on territory of Samara, Saratov and Chelyabinsk regions were investigated and two populations of CCN where found on wheat and oat fields of Saratov and Chelyabinsk Agriculture Research Institutes. Morphometric analysis of perineal patterns of cysts was shown that there were of H. filipjevi. All materials of cysts, eggs and juveniles were used for inoculation of wheat and oats plants in a greenhouse for next study of biology and morphology different stages of CCN.